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<p style="padding-top: 0pt; " class="paragraph_style">Appendix A: SSL/TLS Overview<span class="style"><br/></span></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_1"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_2"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_2">A.1 General Architecture<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3">The wolfSSL embedded SSL library implements SSL 3.0, TLS 1.0, TLS 1.1 and TLS 1.2 protocols. TLS 1.2 is currently the most secure and up to date version of the standard. wolfSSL does not support SSL 2.0 due to the fact that it has been insecure for several years.<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3">The TLS protocol in wolfSSL is implemented as defined in<a title="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5246" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5246"> RFC 5246 (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5246).</a> Two record layer protocols exist within SSL - the message layer and the handshake layer. Handshake messages are used to negotiate a common cipher suite, create secrets, and enable a secure connection. The message layer encapsulates the handshake layer while also supporting alert processing and application data transfer. <br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3">A general diagram of how the SSL protocol fits into existing protocols can be seen in Figure 1. SSL sits in between the Transport and Application layers of the OSI model, where any number of protocols (including TCP/IP, Bluetooth, etc.) may act as the transport medium.  Application protocols are layered on top of SSL (such as HTTP, FTP, and SMTP).<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<div class="paragraph paragraph_style_4"><div style="height: 258px; width: 604px;  height: 258px; position: relative; width: 604px; " class="tinyText style_SkipStroke inline-block"><img src="Docs-wolfssl-manual-A-ssl-tls-overview_files/ssl2.png" alt="" style="border: none; height: 259px; width: 604px; "/></div><br/></div>
<p class="paragraph_style_4"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_5"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_5">(Figure 1: SSL Protocol Diagram)<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_2">A.2 SSL Handshake<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3">The SSL handshake involves several steps, some of which are optional depending on what options the SSL client and server have been configured with.  Below, in Figure 2, you will find a simplified diagram of the SSL handshake process.<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<div class="paragraph paragraph_style_4"><div style="height: 554px; width: 453px;  height: 554px; position: relative; width: 453px; " class="tinyText style_SkipStroke inline-block"><img src="Docs-wolfssl-manual-A-ssl-tls-overview_files/droppedImage.png" alt="" style="border: none; height: 555px; width: 453px; "/></div><br/></div>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_5"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_5"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_5">(Figure 2: SSL Handshake Diagram)<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_2">A.3 Differences between SSL and TLS Protocol Versions<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3">SSL (Secure Socket Layer) and TLS (Transport Security Layer) are both cryptographic protocols which provide secure communication over networks. These two protocols (and the several version of each) are in widespread use today in applications ranging from web browsing to e-mail to instant messaging and VoIP. Each protocol, and the underlying versions of each, are slightly different from the other.  <br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3">Below you will find both an explanation of and the major differences between the different SSL and TLS protocol versions. For specific details about each protocol, please reference the RFC specification mentioned.<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_6">SSL 3.0<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3">This protocol was released in 1996 but began with the creation of SSL 1.0 developed by Netscape. Version 1.0 wasn't released, and version 2.0 had a number of security flaws, thus leading to the release of SSL 3.0. Some major improvements of SSL 3.0 over SSL 2.0 are:<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<ol>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>Separation of the transport of data from the message layer<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>Use of a full 128 bits of keying material even when using the Export cipher<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>Ability of the client and server to send chains of certificates, thus allowing organizations to use certificate hierarchy which is more than two certificates deep.<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>Implementing a generalized key exchange protocol, allowing Diffie-Hellman and Fortezza key exchanges as well as non-RSA certificates.<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>Allowing for record compression and decompression<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>Ability to fall back to SSL 2.0 when a 2.0 client is encountered<br/></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_6">TLS 1.0<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3">This protocol was first defined in RFC 2246 in January of 1999. This was an upgrade from SSL 3.0 and the differences were not dramatic, but they are significant enough that SSL 3.0 and TLS 1.0 don't inter-operate. Some of the major differences between SSL 3.0 and TLS 1.0 are:<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<ol>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>Key derivation functions are different<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>MACs are different - SSL 3.0 uses a modification of an early HMAC while TLS 1.0 uses HMAC.<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>The Finished messages are different<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>TLS has more alerts<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>TLS requires DSS/DH support<br/></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_6">TLS 1.1<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3">This protocol was defined in RFC 4346 in April of 2006, and is an update to TLS 1.0.  The major changes are:<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<ol>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>The Implicit Initialization Vector (IV) is replaced with an explicit IV to protect against Cipher block chaining (CBC) attacks.<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>Handling of padded errors is changed to use the bad_record_mac alert rather than the decryption_failed alert to protect against CBC attacks.<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>IANA registries are defined for protocol parameters<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>Premature closes no longer cause a session to be non-resumable.<br/></p>
</li>
</ol>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_6">TLS 1.2<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3">This protocol was defined in RFC 5246 in August of 2008.  Based on TLS 1.1, TLS 1.2 contains improved flexibility. The major differences include:<br/></p>
<p class="paragraph_style_3"><br/></p>
<ol>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>The MD5/SHA-1 combination in the pseudorandom function (PRF) was replaced with cipher-suite-specified PRFs.<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>The MD5/SHA-1 combination in the digitally-signed element was replaced with a single hash.  Signed elements include a field explicitly specifying the hash algorithm used.<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>There was substantial cleanup to the client's and server's ability to specify which hash and signature algorithms they will accept.<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>Addition of support for authenticated encryption with additional data modes.<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>TLS Extensions definition and AES Cipher Suites were merged in.<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>Tighter checking of EncryptedPreMasterSecret version numbers.<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>Many of the requirements were tightened<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>Verify_data length depends on the cipher suite<br/></p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 15px; margin-top: -1px; padding-left: 30px; text-indent: -15px; " class="full-width">
<p style="padding-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: -15px; " class="paragraph_style_7"><span style="font-size: 20px; position: relative; top: 3px; " class="Bullet">•</span><span style="width: 8px; " class="inline-block"></span>Description of Bleichenbacher/Dlima attack defenses cleaned up.</p>
</li>
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